Nkhani Yokhudza Kutuluka kwa Madzi Otayira M'mabizinesi Ophera ndi Kukonza Nyama Yosaphika ku Shanghai

Kampani yokonza nyama yomwe ili ku Shanghai idakhazikitsidwa mu 2011 ndipo ili ku Songjiang District. Ntchito zake zamalonda zikuphatikizapo zinthu zololedwa monga kupha nkhumba, kuweta nkhuku ndi ziweto, kugawa chakudya, ndi mayendedwe amisewu (kupatula zinthu zoopsa). Kampani yayikulu, yomwe ili ku Shanghai, yomwe ilinso ku Songjiang District, ndi kampani yachinsinsi yomwe imachita ulimi wa nkhumba. Imayang'anira mafamu anayi akuluakulu a nkhumba, pakadali pano ikusunga nkhumba pafupifupi 5,000 zobereketsa zomwe zimatha kutulutsa nkhumba zokwana 100,000 pachaka. Kuphatikiza apo, kampaniyo imagwira ntchito limodzi ndi mafamu 50 achilengedwe omwe amaphatikiza ulimi wa mbewu ndi ulimi wa ziweto.

Makampani Ophera ndi Kukonza Nyama Yosaphika

Madzi otayidwa opangidwa kuchokera ku malo ophera nkhumba amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe komanso michere. Ngati atachotsedwa popanda kuthandizidwa, amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu pa machitidwe am'madzi, nthaka, mpweya wabwino, ndi zachilengedwe zambiri. Zotsatira zazikulu pa chilengedwe ndi izi:

1. Kuipitsidwa kwa Madzi (zotsatira zake zachangu komanso zoopsa kwambiri)
Madzi otuluka m'nyumba zophera nyama amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zoipitsa komanso michere. Akatulutsidwa mwachindunji m'mitsinje, m'nyanja, kapena m'madziwe, zinthu zachilengedwe monga magazi, mafuta, ndowe, ndi zotsalira za chakudya zimawola ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, njira yomwe imadya mpweya wochuluka wosungunuka (DO). Kuchepa kwa DO kumabweretsa mavuto a anaerobic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zamoyo zam'madzi monga nsomba ndi nkhanu zife chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mpweya. Kuwonongeka kwa anaerobic kumabweretsanso mpweya woipa wa fungo - kuphatikizapo hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, ndi mercaptans - zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi asinthe mtundu ndi fungo loipa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madziwo asagwiritsidwe ntchito pa ntchito iliyonse.

Madzi otayirawa alinso ndi nayitrogeni (N) ndi phosphorous (P) wochuluka. Madzi akalowa m'madzi, michere imeneyi imalimbikitsa kukula kwa algae ndi phytoplankton mopitirira muyeso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti algae iphuke kapena mafunde ofiira. Kuwonongeka kwa algae akufa pambuyo pake kumawononga mpweya, zomwe zimasokoneza chilengedwe cha m'madzi. Madzi a Eutrophic amawonongeka ndipo sagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pakumwa, kuthirira, kapena mafakitale.

Komanso, madzi otuluka m'madzi amatha kunyamula tizilombo toyambitsa matenda—kuphatikizapo mabakiteriya, mavairasi, ndi mazira a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (monga Escherichia coli ndi Salmonella)—ochokera m'matumbo ndi ndowe za nyama. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timeneti tingafalikire kudzera m'madzi, kuipitsa madzi omwe ali pansi pa madzi, kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda opatsirana ndi zoonotic, komanso kuyika pachiwopsezo thanzi la anthu.

2. Kuipitsidwa kwa Nthaka
Ngati madzi otayira atulutsidwa mwachindunji panthaka kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pothirira, zinthu zolimba ndi mafuta omangika zimatha kutseka maenje a nthaka, kusokoneza kapangidwe ka nthaka, kuchepetsa kulowa kwa madzi, komanso kusokoneza kukula kwa mizu. Kupezeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, sopo, ndi zitsulo zolemera (monga mkuwa ndi zinc) kuchokera ku chakudya cha ziweto kungasonkhanitse m'nthaka pakapita nthawi, kusintha mphamvu zake za physicochemical, kuchititsa kuti mchere ukhale wambiri kapena poizoni, ndikupangitsa nthaka kukhala yosayenerera ulimi. Nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous yochulukirapo kuposa momwe mbewu zimayankhira zimatha kuwononga zomera ("kutentha kwa feteleza") ndipo zimatha kulowa m'madzi apansi panthaka, zomwe zingabweretse chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa.

3. Kuipitsidwa kwa Mpweya
Mu nyengo yopanda mpweya, kuwonongeka kwa madzi otayira kumapanga mpweya woopsa komanso woopsa monga hydrogen sulfide (H₂S, yomwe imadziwika ndi fungo la dzira lovunda), ammonia (NH₃), ma amine, ndi mercaptans. Utsi uwu sumangopanga fungo losokoneza lomwe limakhudza madera oyandikana nawo komanso umaikanso pachiwopsezo paumoyo; kuchuluka kwa H₂S kumakhala koopsa komanso koopsa. Kuphatikiza apo, methane (CH₄), mpweya wamphamvu wowonjezera kutentha womwe ungathe kutentha dziko lonse nthawi yoposa nthawi makumi awiri kuposa carbon dioxide, umapangidwa panthawi yogayidwa kwa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyengo isinthe.

chowunikira cha kusowa kwa okosijeni wa mankhwala (COD)

Ku China, kutulutsa madzi otayika m'malo ophera nyama kumayendetsedwa ndi dongosolo la zilolezo zomwe zimafuna kutsatira malire ovomerezeka a kutulutsa mpweya. Malo ogwirira ntchito ayenera kutsatira malamulo a Zilolezo Zotulutsa Madzi Oipa ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira za "Muyezo Wotulutsa Madzi Oipa kwa Makampani Okonza Nyama" (GB 13457-92), komanso miyezo ina iliyonse yofunikira ya m'deralo yomwe ingakhale yokhwima kwambiri.

Kutsatira miyezo yotulutsa madzi kumayesedwa kudzera mu kuyang'anira kosalekeza magawo asanu ofunikira: kufunika kwa okosijeni wa mankhwala (COD), ammonia nayitrogeni (NH₃-N), phosphorous yonse (TP), nayitrogeni yonse (TN), ndi pH. Zizindikiro izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati miyeso yowunikira momwe njira zotsukira madzi zikuyendera—kuphatikizapo kukhetsa madzi, kulekanitsa mafuta, chithandizo cha zamoyo, kuchotsa michere, ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda—zomwe zimathandiza kusintha nthawi yake kuti zitsimikizire kuti madzi otuluka m'madzi ndi okhazikika komanso ogwirizana ndi malamulo.

- Kufunika kwa Oxygen ya Mankhwala (COD):COD imayesa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimasungunuka m'madzi. Kuchuluka kwa COD kumasonyeza kuipitsidwa kwakukulu kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Madzi otayira m'nyumba zophera nyama, omwe ali ndi magazi, mafuta, mapuloteni, ndi ndowe, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa COD kuyambira 2,000 mpaka 8,000 mg/L kapena kupitirira apo. Kuyang'anira COD ndikofunikira poyesa momwe kuchotsa katundu wachilengedwe kumagwirira ntchito bwino ndikuwonetsetsa kuti njira yochizira madzi otayira ikugwira ntchito bwino mkati mwa malire ovomerezeka ndi chilengedwe.

- Ammonia Nayitrogeni (NH₃-N): Chizindikiro ichi chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ammonia yaulere (NH₃) ndi ma ayoni a ammonium (NH₄⁺) m'madzi. Nitrification ya ammonia imadya mpweya wosungunuka kwambiri ndipo ingayambitse kuchepa kwa mpweya. Ammonia yaulere ndi poizoni kwambiri kwa zamoyo zam'madzi ngakhale pakakhala zochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, ammonia imagwira ntchito ngati gwero la michere pakukula kwa algae, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti eutrophication ichitike. Imachokera ku kusweka kwa mkodzo, ndowe, ndi mapuloteni m'madzi otayira m'nyumba zophera nyama. Kuyang'anira NH₃-N kumaonetsetsa kuti njira zochepetsera ndi kuwononga madzi zikugwira ntchito bwino komanso kuchepetsa zoopsa zachilengedwe ndi thanzi.

- Nayitrogeni Yonse (TN) ndi Phosphorus Yonse (TP):TN imayimira kuchuluka kwa mitundu yonse ya nayitrogeni (ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, nayitrogeni yachilengedwe), pomwe TP imaphatikizapo mankhwala onse a phosphorous. Zonsezi ndi zomwe zimayambitsa eutrophication. Zikatulutsidwa m'madzi oyenda pang'onopang'ono monga nyanja, malo osungiramo madzi, ndi mitsinje, madzi otuluka okhala ndi nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous amalimbikitsa kukula kwa algae yophulika—monga momwe madzi amapangira feteleza—zomwe zimapangitsa kuti algae iphuke. Malamulo amakono a madzi otayira amaika malire okhwima kwambiri pa kutuluka kwa TN ndi TP. Kuyang'anira magawo awa kumawunikira momwe ukadaulo wapamwamba wochotsera michere umagwirira ntchito ndipo kumathandiza kupewa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

- pH Mtengo:pH imasonyeza acidity kapena alkalinity ya madzi. Zamoyo zambiri zam'madzi zimakhalabe mkati mwa pH yochepa (nthawi zambiri 6-9). Madzi otuluka omwe ali ndi acidity kapena alkali kwambiri amatha kuvulaza zamoyo zam'madzi ndikusokoneza chilengedwe. Pa malo oyeretsera madzi otayidwa, kusunga pH yoyenera ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti njira zoyeretsera zamoyo zigwire bwino ntchito. Kuyang'anira pH mosalekeza kumathandizira kukhazikika kwa njira ndi kutsatira malamulo.

Kampaniyo yayika zida zotsatirazi zowunikira pa intaneti kuchokera ku Boqu Instruments pamalo ake akuluakulu otulutsira zinthu:
- CODG-3000 Online Automatic Chemical Oxygen Demand Monitor
- NHNG-3010 Ammonia Nayitrogeni Yodziyimira Yokha Paintaneti
- TPG-3030 Total Phosphorus Online Automatic Analyzer
- TNG-3020 Total Nitrogen Online Automatic Analyzer
- PHG-2091 pH Yodziwikira Yokha Paintaneti

Amoniya Nayitrogeni Paintaneti Yodziyimira Yokha

Chowunikira Chodziwikira Chokha cha Phosphorus Nayitrogeni Paintaneti

Zowunikira izi zimathandiza kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni ya COD, ammonia nayitrogeni, phosphorous yonse, nayitrogeni yonse, ndi pH m'madzi otuluka. Deta iyi imathandizira kuwunika kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi michere, kuwunika zoopsa zachilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu, komanso kupanga zisankho zodziwikiratu zokhudzana ndi njira zochizira. Kuphatikiza apo, zimathandiza kukonza njira zochizira, kukonza magwiridwe antchito, kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito, kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe, komanso kutsatira malamulo adziko lonse ndi a m'deralo okhudzana ndi chilengedwe.