Mlandu Wogwiritsa Ntchito Kutaya kwa Madzi a Waste ku Shanghai's Raw Meat Slaughtering and Processing Enterprises

Kampani yopanga nyama yochokera ku Shanghai idakhazikitsidwa mu 2011 ndipo ili m'boma la Songjiang. Mabizinesi ake amaphatikizapo zinthu zololedwa monga kupha nkhumba, kuweta nkhuku ndi ziweto, kagawidwe ka chakudya, komanso mayendedwe onyamula katundu mumsewu (kupatula zinthu zowopsa). Bungwe la makolo, kampani ya mafakitale ndi malonda ku Shanghai yomwe ilinso m'boma la Songjiang, ndi kampani yabizinesi yomwe imachita ulimi wa nkhumba. Imayang'anira minda inayi yayikulu ya nkhumba, pakadali pano ikusunga pafupifupi 5,000 zoweta zoweta zomwe zimatuluka pachaka mpaka ku nkhumba za 100,000 zokonzeka pamsika. Kuphatikiza apo, kampaniyo imagwira ntchito ndi mafamu 50 azachilengedwe omwe amaphatikiza kulima mbewu ndi kuweta ziweto.

Mabizinesi Opha Nyama Yaiwisi ndi Kukonza

Madzi otayira opangidwa kuchokera kumalo ophera nkhumba amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zakuthupi ndi michere. Ngati sichitha kutayidwa, zimakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu kuzinthu zam'madzi, nthaka, mpweya wabwino, ndi zachilengedwe zambiri. Zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chilengedwe ndi izi:

1. Kuipitsa madzi (zotsatira zaposachedwa komanso zowopsa)
Madzi otayira m'nyumba yophera nyama amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zowononga zachilengedwe komanso zopatsa thanzi. Zikatulutsidwa mwachindunji m’mitsinje, m’nyanja, kapena m’mayiwe, zinthuzo monga magazi, mafuta, ndowe, ndi zotsalira za chakudya—zimawola ndi tizilombo tating’onoting’ono tomwe timadya mpweya wochuluka wosungunuka (DO). Kuchepa kwa DO kumabweretsa mikhalidwe ya anaerobic, zomwe zimapangitsa kufa kwa zamoyo zam'madzi monga nsomba ndi shrimp chifukwa cha hypoxia. Kuwola kwa anaerobic kumatulutsanso mpweya woipa—kuphatikiza hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, ndi mercaptans—kuchititsa madzi kusungunuka ndi fungo loipa, kuchititsa madziwo kusagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zilizonse.

Madzi otayira alinso ndi milingo yambiri ya nayitrogeni (N) ndi phosphorous (P). Mukalowa m'madzi, zakudyazi zimalimbikitsa kukula kwakukulu kwa algae ndi phytoplankton, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti algal blooms kapena mafunde ofiira. Kuwola kotsatirapo kwa ndere zakufa kumawononganso mpweya wa okosijeni, kusokoneza chilengedwe cha m’madzi. Madzi a Eutrophic amawonongeka ndipo amakhala osayenerera kumwa, kuthirira, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale.

Komanso, utsiwu ukhoza kukhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuphatikiza mabakiteriya, ma virus, ndi mazira a parasite (monga Escherichia coli ndi Salmonella) -ochokera m'matumbo ndi ndowe zanyama. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timeneti titha kufalikira kudzera mukuyenda kwa madzi, kuwononga magwero a madzi akunsi kwa mitsinje, kuonjezera chiopsezo chotenga matenda a zoonotic, ndikuyika thanzi la anthu pachiwopsezo.

2. Kuipitsa nthaka
Ngati madzi otayira atayidwa mwachindunji pamtunda kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthirira, zolimba ndi mafuta otayira amatha kutseka ma pores a dothi, kusokoneza kapangidwe ka nthaka, kuchepetsa kulowa mkati, ndi kuwononga mizu. Kukhalapo kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zotsukira, ndi zitsulo zolemera (monga mkuwa ndi zinki) zochokera ku chakudya cha ziweto zimatha kuwunjikana m'nthaka pakapita nthawi, kusintha mawonekedwe ake, kupangitsa kuti mchere ukhale wochuluka kapena kawopsedwe, ndikupangitsa nthaka kukhala yosayenerera ulimi. Nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous wochulukirachulukira momwe mbewu zimamera zimatha kuwononga mbewu ("kuwotcha feteleza") ndipo zimatha kulowa m'madzi apansi, zomwe zingawononge kuwonongeka.

3. Kuipitsa mpweya
Pansi pazikhalidwe za anaerobic, kuwonongeka kwa madzi akuwonongeka kumatulutsa mpweya woipa komanso wowopsa monga hydrogen sulfide (H₂S, yodziwika ndi fungo lovunda la dzira), ammonia (NH₃), ma amine, ndi ma mercaptans. Kutulutsa kumeneku sikumangoyambitsa fungo loipa lokhudza madera oyandikana nawo komanso kumayambitsa ngozi; kuchuluka kwa H₂S ndi poizoni komanso kutha kupha. Kuphatikiza apo, methane (CH₄), mpweya wowonjezera kutentha womwe ungathe kutentha kwapadziko lonse kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide, umapangidwa panthawi ya anaerobic digestion, zomwe zimathandizira kusintha kwa nyengo.

Ku China, kukhetsa madzi onyansa m'nyumba zopherako kumayendetsedwa ndi chilolezo chofuna kutsatiridwa ndi malire ovomerezeka. Malo ayenera kutsatira mosamalitsa malamulo a Pollutant Discharge Permit ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira za "Discharge Standard of Water Poluntants for Meat Processing Industry" (GB 13457-92), komanso mfundo zilizonse zakumalo zomwe zingakhale zokhwimitsa.

Kutsatiridwa ndi miyezo ya kutayira kumawunikiridwa mwa kuyang'anira kosalekeza kwa magawo asanu ofunikira: chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), total phosphorous (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ndi pH. Zizindikirozi zimagwira ntchito ngati zizindikiro zowunika momwe madzi akuyankhira amagwirira ntchito - kuphatikiza matope, kulekanitsa mafuta, chithandizo chachilengedwe, kuchotsa michere, ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - zomwe zimathandizira kusintha kwanthawi yake kuti zitsimikizire kutayikira kokhazikika komanso kogwirizana.

- Chemical Demand (COD):COD imayesa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimatha kukhala oxidizable m'madzi. Ma COD apamwamba amawonetsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachilengedwe. Madzi otayira m'nyumba yophera, okhala ndi magazi, mafuta, mapuloteni, ndi ndowe, nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kuchuluka kwa COD kuyambira 2,000 mpaka 8,000 mg/L kapena kupitilira apo. Kuyang'anira COD ndikofunikira pakuwunika momwe mungachotsere katundu wa organic ndikuwonetsetsa kuti njira yoyeretsera madzi oyipa ikugwira ntchito moyenera m'malire ovomerezeka ndi chilengedwe.

Ammonia Nayitrogeni (NH₃-N): Izi zimawonetsa kuchuluka kwa ammonia (NH₃) ndi ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) m'madzi. Nitrification wa ammonia amadya mpweya wosungunuka wosungunuka ndipo ungayambitse kuchepa kwa okosijeni. Ammonia yaulere ndi poizoni kwambiri ku zamoyo zam'madzi ngakhale zotsika kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ammonia amagwira ntchito ngati gwero lazakudya la algal, zomwe zimathandizira ku eutrophication. Amachokera ku kuwonongeka kwa mkodzo, ndowe, ndi mapuloteni m'madzi otayira ophera. Kuyang'anira NH₃-N kumawonetsetsa kugwira ntchito moyenera kwa nitrification ndi denitrification njira ndikuchepetsa kuopsa kwachilengedwe ndi thanzi.

- Total Nayitrojeni (TN) ndi Phosphorus Yonse (TP):TN imayimira kuchuluka kwa mitundu yonse ya nayitrogeni (ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, nayitrogeni wa organic), pomwe TP imaphatikizanso mitundu yonse ya phosphorous. Onsewa ndi omwe amayendetsa eutrophication. Madzi akathiridwa m'madzi oyenda pang'onopang'ono monga nyanja, m'madamu, ndi m'mitsinje, madzi otayira okhala ndi nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous amapangitsa kuti ndere ziwonongeke, zomwe zimakhala ngati kuthira feteleza m'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndere ziphuke. Malamulo amakono amadzi onyansa amaika malire okhwima pakutulutsa kwa TN ndi TP. Kuyang'anira magawowa kumawunika mphamvu yaukadaulo wapamwamba wochotsa zakudya komanso kumathandiza kupewa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

- Mtengo wa pH:pH imasonyeza acidity kapena alkalinity ya madzi. Zamoyo zambiri zam'madzi zimakhala ndi pH yopapatiza (nthawi zambiri 6-9). Madzi otayira omwe ali ndi asidi kwambiri kapena amchere amatha kuwononga zamoyo zam'madzi ndikusokoneza chilengedwe. Pazomera zochizira madzi oyipa, kusunga pH yoyenera ndikofunikira kuti pakhale magwiridwe antchito abwino achilengedwe. Kuwunika kwa pH kosalekeza kumathandizira kukhazikika kwa ndondomeko ndi kutsata malamulo.

Kampaniyo yayika zida zotsatirazi zowunikira pa intaneti kuchokera ku Boqu Instruments pamalo ake otulutsa:
- CODG-3000 Online Automatic Chemical Oxygen Demand Monitor
- NHNG-3010 Ammonia Nitrogen Online Automatic Monitor
- TPG-3030 Total Phosphorus Online Automatic Analyzer
- TNG-3020 Total Nitrogen Online Automatic Analyzer
- PHG-2091 pH Online Automatic Analyzer

Ammonia Nitrogen Online Automatic Monitor

Total Phosphorus Nitrogen Online Automatic Analyzer

Zowunikirazi zimathandizira kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni ya COD, ammonia nitrogen, phosphorous yonse, nayitrogeni yonse, ndi milingo ya pH m'madzi. Deta iyi imathandizira kuwunika kwa kuwonongeka kwa organic ndi michere, kuwunika kuopsa kwa chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu, komanso kupanga zisankho zodziwika bwino za njira zamankhwala. Kuphatikiza apo, zimathandiza kukhathamiritsa kwa njira zochizira, kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito, kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, komanso kutsatira mosadukiza malamulo adziko ndi achilengedwe.